Caucasus wa ni Eurasia, ati ni wiwa agbegbe ti o tobi pupọ. Eyi jẹ agbegbe oke-nla pẹlu awọn aala ti a pe ni:
- Ni Oorun iwọ, o wẹ nipasẹ omi ti Azov ati Okun Dudu.
- Ni ila-oorun, agbegbe naa wa lori adagun nla nla ti ko ni omi - Okun Caspian.
- Aala ariwa ni ibanujẹ Kumo-Manych, eyiti o wa lati Okun Caspian si Kerch Strait ati Azov.
- Ni guusu, Caucasus ni awọn aala ti o wọpọ pẹlu Armenia, Georgia ati Azerbaijan. Laini pipin gbalaye Awọn ilu oke ina folkano ti Armenia ati Odò Ara.
Ni apa aringbungbun Caucasus, Akọkọ tabi Pinpin Ibọn ati Ẹgbe igun duro jade. Ni apakan agbegbe yii awọn oke giga wa - olokiki "marun-ẹgbẹrun-ẹgbẹrun". Wọn yatọ ni awọn ibi giga ti tente oke, awọn oke didasilẹ ati awọn oke oke apata.
Eeya. 1. Apaya pipin.
Caucasus ni tente oke giga julọ kii ṣe nikan ni Russia ṣugbọn tun ni Yuroopu - Oke Elbrus (5642 m). Folti volta yii jẹ ọkan ninu awọn giga giga meje ti o ga julọ ni agbaye. Fun ọpọlọpọ ọdun, o ti ṣe ifamọra awọn elere-ije, awọn oluta-oke, awọn arinrin ajo ati gbogbo eniyan ti o fẹ lati gbadun awọn iwo oke-nla manigbagbe.
Awọn ẹya ara ẹrọ ti oju ojo
Caucasus wa ni aala ti awọn agbegbe ita meji: iwọn-ara ati subtropical. Pq ti oke giga ni ipa pataki lori dida oju ojo ni agbegbe yii. Awọn oke-ẹgbẹrun ẹgbẹrun marun ni aabo daabobo awọn oke gusu lati awọn ẹfufu lile, ati awọn ipasẹ ariwa ariwa gba ibọn nla ti awọn cyclones tutu. Gẹgẹbi abajade, awọn iṣi ojo yinyin le waye ni apakan Ilu Russia ti Caucasus ni akoko kanna, lakoko ti oju ojo gbona ati gbigbẹ n joba ni Caucasus.
Zonation altitudinal, eyiti o tumọ ni pataki ni iru awọn oke giga, tọ awọn akiyesi pataki:
- subtropical Ododo dagba ninu awọn afonifoji
- loke igbo fifẹ ati awọn igbo igbo ti o bẹrẹ lati gba,
- Ni oke si awọn ibi giga ti oke, awọn igbo rọpo nipasẹ awọn igi didan Aline,
- atẹle nipa agbegbe kan ti awọn Mossi ati awọn iwe-ilẹ,
- awọn oke ti awọn oke Caucasus funrararẹ ni a bo yinyin ati yinyin jakejado ọdun.
Eeya. 2. Awọn ajara alpine ti Caucasus.
Iru ti Caucasus
Nitori ipo ti ilẹ-aye rẹ ati oniruuru ti iderun, Caucasus ni ẹda alailẹgbẹ. Nibi, lẹgbẹẹ ara wa, awọn igbo ipon coniferous wa ati awọn igbo fifo-nla, awọn igi-ilẹ Alpine ati awọn swamps lowlandi.
Awọn igigirisẹ ariwa ti wa ni ijuwe nipasẹ afefe ti o tutu, ati agbegbe inaro ni awọn oke nla wọnyi ni a gba nipasẹ iyipada didasilẹ ni awọn agbegbe ita. Yinyin ni wiwa awọn oke ariwa ti awọn oke-nla Caucasus tẹlẹ ni giga ti 2800 m.
Awọn eeyan ti Caucasus wa ni iwulo aabo ti eniyan. Ọpọlọpọ awọn aṣoju ti awọn iwẹkun ti agbegbe wa ni etibebe iparun, ati diẹ ninu awọn ẹranko - tigers, moose, bison - ti parẹ patapata.
Awọn eniyan ti Caucasus
Agbegbe yii jẹ idapọmọra pupọ ti ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹya ti ẹgbẹ, eyiti eyiti o wa ju aadọta lọ. Awọn eniyan ti Ariwa Caucasus han gbangba. Awọn opo, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Chechens, ati ọpọlọpọ awọn eniyan miiran ti ṣe ajọṣepọ ni agbegbe kekere ti o fẹẹrẹ fun ọpọlọpọ ọdun. O jẹ ohun akiyesi ni pe ọkọọkan wọn ni anfani lati ṣetọju aṣa aṣa ati ki o ma “tuka” ni kasulu wọpọ ti awọn eniyan Caucasian.
Eeya. 3. Awọn eniyan ti Caucasus.
Azerbaijanis, Armenians, ati Georgians n gbe ni Transcaucasia. Sibẹsibẹ, akojọpọ ti orilẹ-ede ti awọn ipinlẹ wọnyi ko tun ṣe iyatọ ni isọdọmọ, ati nọmba pupọ ti Ossetians, Abkhazians, Kurds, Ju Mountain, ati Tatians n gbe nibi.
Ẹsin ti o gbooro sii ti awọn eniyan ti Caucasus jẹ Islam, ti awọn Sunni ati awọn ẹka Shiite ṣe aṣoju. Ibi keji jẹ ti Kristiẹniti Àtijọ, eyiti o jẹwọ nipasẹ Georgians, Armenians, Ossetians.
Relief
O kan iderun naa yoo ṣiṣẹ ninu atunyẹwo yii gẹgẹbi idi fun pipin agbegbe ti o fẹ si awọn agbegbe 8. Iseda ti Caucasus ni yoo ṣe apejuwe da lori ifiyapa yii. Paapaa ni Olugbeja Oke, ọkọ ofurufu ti o wa ni ipo itọkasi kọja nipasẹ ipele ti awọn iyipada ti ẹkọ ti o kọja sinu ara wọn. Gẹgẹbi abajade ti igbesoke, ilẹ kekere ati pẹtẹlẹ, eyiti a yoo jiroro, awọn agbekalẹ nla meji - Scythian Syeed ati awọn oke 3 Nitosi-Asia - ti di aala (laarin wọn ni Caucasus Nla pẹlu awọn oke nla meji, ti a dari nipasẹ eyiti ọna oke ti pin si awọn ẹya 3). Ilẹ ti Transcaucasian ti o sunmọ julọ jẹ apakan ti eto ala-ilẹ ti ṣàpèjúwe. Ara ilu Armenia (pẹlu Caucasus ti o Kekere). Laarin awọn agbekalẹ ti ṣe pọ ti guusu ati guusu ila-oorun ni Colchis Lowland (aala ti Igbona nla ati Kekere Kikun, apakan ti Riono-Kurinsky Ibanujẹ). Ṣugbọn arabinrin ko kọsẹ. Iyẹn ni, ni guusu ila-oorun, “furrow” naa kọja idaji ti o kere si ti ibanujẹ ti a le jẹjẹ. O wa lati tọka pe opin ariwa ila-oorun ti orilẹ-ede aye jẹ aaye ti o kọja si ipele okun. Eyi ni iho Azov-Kuban (eyiti a ṣe akiyesi giga lati awọn mita 100 si 0). Itọju omi rẹ jẹ iyipada pupọ nipasẹ awọn canals atọwọda ati awọn agbegbe isakalẹ. Sibẹsibẹ, ilẹ ti o jinlẹ wa ti a gbekalẹ ninu nkan naa. A n sọrọ nipa ida kan ti Dagestan ti okun Caspian Iwa ti Caucasus yipada oju rẹ lati ariwa-oorun si guusu ila-oorun fun 1,160 ibuso, ṣugbọn lati ariwa si guusu agbegbe ti iṣapẹẹrẹ fẹẹrẹ ju 600 km.
Eti iseda
Ipo ti ilẹ-aye ti Ariwa Caucasus ṣe alabapin si dida aaye ipamọ iseda alailẹgbẹ kan pẹlu iwọn-oniruru ati gbona. Ọpọlọpọ awọn odo wa ni agbegbe yii: oke ati ilẹ kekere, jinjin ati aijinile, rudurudu ati idakẹjẹ. Ilẹ naa gbajumọ fun awọn ile olora, nibiti awọn irugbin orilla ati awọn meji, awọn eso osan, ọgba-ajara, iresi ati awọn ohun ọgbin tii, bakanna pẹlu ọpọlọpọ awọn ododo ti a ko ka, dagba ni ẹwa.
Ṣugbọn ẹya akọkọ ti ala-ilẹ, nitorinaa, ni ẹtọ awọn oke-nla ti Ariwa Caucasus pẹlu gigun ti o to awọn ibuso kilomita 1,100. Awọn ibi giga ti Caucasus ti o ga julọ: Oke Elbrus - giga ni 5642 mita ati Kazbek - 5032 mita.
Ni agbegbe oninurere, ọpọlọpọ awọn orisun ọlọrọ ni alumọni ni a ti ṣe awari, ni awọn aaye wọnyi ti ṣii ti o ti jo'gun gbajumọ agbaye ati ogo ti awọn ilu ti Ariwa Caucasus: Kislovodsk, Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. Awọn orisun omi imularada ti awọn ibi isinmi yatọ ni idapọ nkan ti o wa ni erupe ile ati iwọn otutu wọn, ṣugbọn wulo pupọ. Nitori ipo ti ilẹ-ilẹ ti Ariwa Caucasus, awọn ẹtọ iseda ni o wa nibi, ninu eyiti o jẹ itọju flora ati bofun ṣọwọn.
Nipa ipo ti ilẹ-ilẹ, Ariwa Caucasus jẹ apapọ ti pẹtẹlẹ ati awọn oke-nla, awọn ohun tutu ati awọn atẹgun gbigbẹ. Derbent, Arkhyz, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki - awọn orukọ wọnyi ti awọn ilu ti Ariwa Caucasus ti faramọ fun awọn arinrin ajo ti o ṣe riri riri agbegbe fun ẹwa awọ rẹ ati alejò ti awọn olugbe agbegbe. Ni afikun, agbegbe naa ni isunmọ si awọn okun mẹta: Dudu, Azov ati Caspian. Awọn ohun alumọni ni agbegbe yii ni ipoduduro nipasẹ awọn idogo ti epo ati gaasi, agbara nla julo, awọn ẹtọ ti awọn ohun elo irin, awọn ohun elo kẹmika, iru igi ti o niyelori, ẹja ati ẹja okun.
Orogun ti ẹya
Awọn Caucasus North jẹ iyatọ pupọ ninu ẹda ara ilu rẹ. Ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede gbe nibi.
Awọn eniyan akọkọ ti Ariwa Caucasus:
Ti o ba ya ọkọ oju-irin ni ayika Caucasus, o le sọrọ pẹlu awọn aṣoju ti awọn orilẹ-ede pupọ, nitori awọn eniyan ọrẹ ati ti ẹdun ngbe ni ibi.
Awọn olominira wa pẹlu ẹda ti ẹya ti Ariwa Caucasus:
- Adygea
- Dagestan
- Ingushetia
- Kabardino-Balkaria,
- Karachay-Cherkessia,
- North Ossetia,
- Chechnya
Lori agbegbe rẹ awọn eniyan mejilelogoji wa ti o sọ asọtẹlẹ diẹ sii ju ọgọrun kan. O fẹrẹ to miliọnu 9.7 eniyan n gbe ni awọn orilẹ-ede olominira ti Ariwa Caucasus.
Oniruuru ti awọn orilẹ-ede
Awọn Abkhazians jẹ orilẹ-ede iwọ-oorun ti Iwọ-oorun julọ julọ ti agbegbe yii. Pupọ ninu wọn jẹwọ Kristiẹniti, ṣugbọn lati ọrundun kẹrindilogun, gẹgẹbi abajade ti imugboroosi agbegbe naa, awọn Musulumi farahan. Lati awọn akoko atijọ, iṣẹ wọn ti jẹ iṣelọpọ capeti, iṣelọpọ, gbigbe.
Circassians jẹ eniyan atilẹba ti o ngbe ila-oorun. Awọn afasiri ariwa ti Caucasus, ati awọn apa isalẹ ti awọn odo Terek ati Sunzha, jẹ agbegbe ibugbe wọn. Eyi ni ibugbe igbalode ti Karachay-Cherkessia.
Awọn ara ilu Kabardinians pin agbegbe pẹlu awọn Balkars; gbogbo wọn jẹ ti awọn Circassians, ti o ti di olokiki fun igba pipẹ fun ohun ọṣọ ati alawodudu.
Svans - ẹgbẹ ẹya ti ariwa ti Georgians, ti o ni ede tirẹ ati awọn aṣa aṣa. Ibugbe wọn jẹ apakan alpine ti Georgia ni giga ti awọn mita 2500.
Ossetians - ọkan ninu awọn eniyan atijọ julọ ti Ariwa Caucasus, ni ipilẹṣẹ Ilu Iran. Ilu ijọba atijọ ti Ossetians Alania - Kristiẹniti ni ọna atilẹba rẹ ti gbe nipasẹ awọn ọdun.
Ingush ati Chechens jẹ eniyan ti o sunmọ. Wọn nipataki pe ni Islam, ayafi fun Chechens lati Georgia.
Lezgins Ngbe ni agbegbe ila-oorun, Lezgins, gẹgẹbi awọn ọmọ ti olugbe atijọ julọ ti Gusu Dagestan, ni ohun-ini asa ti o tobi pupọ.
Ohun pataki ni igbesi aye gbogbo awọn orilẹ-ede wọnyi ni ipo ti ilẹ-aye ti Caucasus North. Ti o wa lori awọn aala ti Ilu Ottoman, Ilu Ottoman Russia ati Byzantium, wọn pinnu fun ologun ti o kọja, iwa ti eyiti o tan ninu awọn iṣọra ati awọn ẹya ti awọn ilu Caucasians.
Azov-Kuban pẹtẹlẹ
Iwọn isalẹ ti Kuban jẹ itọkasi tẹlẹ nipasẹ orukọ pupọ ti ala-ilẹ ti o gbooro. Kuban funrara lati orisun si ẹnu ni aaye ti 870 ibuso. Lara awọn ikanni omi ti o jẹ ifunni rẹ, ti nṣan ni deede lori nkan yii ti Ipinlẹ Krasnodar jẹ Kuban Old, Kirpili, Sosyka, isalẹ isalẹ ti Ei, Beisug ati Chelbas, ati awọn odo gusu ti ẹnu Don. Pupọ julọ ti awọn ara omi ti a ṣe akojọ loke ilẹ ogbin. Agbegbe naa tun ni awọn bays - Yeisk, Taganrog, Taman. Ipa ti adagun ni o ṣe nipasẹ awọn estuaries - Vityazevsky, Kyzyltashsky, Kurchansky, Akhtanizovsky (lori oke omi ti igbehin ni Oṣu Kẹjọ-ibẹrẹ Kẹsán, o gbọdọ ṣe ẹwà fun awọn lọpọlọpọ).
Elbrus
Tente oke giga julọ laarin awọn oke ti Ariwa Caucasus. Elbrus jẹ cone kan ti folti onina, ti o wa ni ipo bayi ni ibatan isinmi. Gẹgẹbi itan-akọọlẹ, o wa lori rẹ pe a ti fi taiiki titanium Prometheus sinu apata fun daring lati fun ina si eniyan. Ninu awọn yinyin nla ti Elbrus, awọn ipilẹṣẹ ti awọn oke oke-nla ti ipilẹṣẹ, eyiti, ni idapo papọ, ṣan sinu Kuban - odo nla kan ni North Caucasus. Ninu awọn abọ ti oke yii, awọn ọpọ eniyan ti o farabale ṣi n wẹ, eyiti awọn orisun ooru ṣan pẹlu awọn ohun alumọni ati erogba carbon. Iwọn otutu wọn de + 52 ati + 60 0 С.
Ciscaucasia
Iṣe ti Ariwa Caucasus ti gbe arin tabi isalẹ awọn oke ti ọpọlọpọ awọn odo ni agbegbe yii. Gbogbo Kuban, Eya, Beisug ati Chelbas ṣan ni gbogbo wọn. Si ila-oorun ti wọn gbe omi wọn Belaya, Laba, Terek (pẹlu nọmba pupọ ti awọn ikanni ati awọn ọwọ) ati Kuma (ipilẹṣẹ wọn wa ni pamọ ninu awọn iho ti awọn oke-nla oriṣiriṣi). Ọpọlọpọ ni asopọ. Awọn ṣiṣan ti n fa omi de awọn oke, awọn aaye ati awọn ọgba ti Ciscaucasia: Baksan, Bolshoi ati Maly Zelenchuk, Urup, Teberda, Malka ati Podkumok. Ala-ilẹ ti a darukọ ko ni adagun nla. Ṣugbọn ninu ọkan rẹ ni o kun fun awọn ifun omi - Krasnodar, Kuban, Shapsug, Kryukov, Varnavinsky. Wọn tun ṣe iranlọwọ fun ilana irigeson ni agbegbe ti “awọn ẹbun” ti Ile-iṣẹ Russia. Ni apa ariwa ti o wa ni odo Waterch pẹlu Lake Heichich-Gudilo, eyiti o gbẹ ninu igbona.
Idaraya Iwọ-oorun
Ẹkẹta yii ti “crest” ti Caucasus Nla, eyiti o wa ni awọn aye kan kọja ni apa gusu rẹ, ni irisi ọriniinitutu ti o ga julọ. Awọn awọsanma kekere ko fa kọja awọn oke-nla, awọn rapids omi pupọ, ibori igbo ti o pọ si, ati ojo ojo aijinile. O ti wa ni iru ibiti ti “gbe awọn” diẹ waterfalls. Wọn olokiki fun awọn odo Belaya, Mzymta, Urup, Bolshoy Zelenchuk, Psheha, Mezmay ati awọn iṣan omi Kurdzhips, awọn ṣiṣan omi kika ti ko niye ti Greater Gelendzhik, Tuapse ati Sochi. Lori ile larubawa ti Abrau ni adagun olokiki laarin awọn alejo spa ati awọn ololufẹ aṣegun. Kekere, bii iyoku ti awọn abọ omi ti Oorun ti Caucasus. Nibiti omi pupọ wa, nitorinaa, flora diẹ sii. Ati ni bayi nipa awọn ilẹ ti agbegbe Caucasian. Lori agbegbe rẹ awọn adagun oke-nla wa. Ti o mọ julọ ati otutu julọ. Afọju kekere Karakel ti wa ni fipamọ ni afonifoji Odò Teberda. Ni Oorun Iwọ-oorun Abkhazia, adagun adugbo Ritsa, awọn odo Bzyb (Pitsunda) ati awọn odo Kodor (o kan guusu ti Sukhum) jẹ olokiki laarin awọn ara omi. Wọn tun di mimọ ati pe wọn ni awọn iloro giga.
Aarin Caucasus
Iṣe ti Caucasus ṣe idayatọ nitorina o fi silẹ nihin julọ julọ gbogbo awọn “ami” rẹ - awọn ibi giga ti o ga julọ ti eto oke yii ati, nitorinaa, awọn odo rudurudu pupọ julọ. O rọrun lati gboju pe awọn gorges ni agbegbe yii yoo jẹ ohun ti o jin julọ. Gba, fun apẹẹrẹ, awọn afonifoji Baksan, Cherek-Kulamsky, Cherek, Chegem, Urukh, Fiagdon, Gizeldon, Genaldon. Awọn oke ti awọn pẹtẹẹsì okuta fere bo ọrun patapata. Ati pe ni awọn ibiti wọn tọju. Paapaa lori ọjọ ooru ti oorun ni o ṣokunkun bi ni irọlẹ ati bakan ni idakẹjẹ. Ninu ijiroro kan nipa awọn abọ ti ara, a tọka si Awọn adagun Buluu meje kekere. Wọn wa ni Kabarda.
Caucasus Ila-oorun
Awọn ami pataki ti agbegbe adayeba jẹ Terek, Sunzha, Kuma, Sulak, Koisu ati Samur, ti nṣan nipasẹ awọn agglomerations ti ilu ati igberiko idaji ila-oorun ti North Ossetia, gẹgẹbi nipasẹ Ingushetia, Chechnya ati Dagestan. Awọn agbara ti awọn ara omi jẹ alekun fifin (awọn agbekalẹ oju-aye nibi ni o jọra si iwe ti ko nira - gbogbo wọn ni lati wa ni rekọja, tabi dipo sisan ni ayika). Omi ṣan sinu Okun Caspian. O ṣe akiyesi julọ julọ Kuma ati Terek. Ni igba akọkọ ti lori ọna kanna ni aala laarin Yuroopu ati Esia, pẹlu gigun ti 802 ibuso. Keji "dara si" ni 623 ibuso. Nini agbọn omi nla kan, o ṣe ifunni awọn ọgọọgọrun awọn odo kekere, ni ala-ilẹ ti awọn oke-nla oke ti Ossetia ati Chechnya. Ninu awọn oke ti Dagestan ati Chechnya awọn adagun-omi piparọ pupọ wa ti o wa ni giga ti sitẹrio ti Alpine kan.
Colchis Lowland
Iwa ti Caucasus ṣe oninurere fun agbegbe ni awọn odo, eyiti o ṣubu lẹsẹkẹsẹ si awọn agbara igbalode meji - Abkhazia ati Georgia. Ni iwọ-oorun, o bẹrẹ pẹlu isọmọ irọlẹ ti awọn ibusun odo meji - Ingura (Abkhazia) ati Rioni (Georgia). Gbogbo awọn odò Colchis wa si lẹgbẹẹ ti igbẹhin. Siwaju sii, tẹlẹ ni iyasọtọ ni Georgia, awọn iṣan omi Ingur (nibi o ti pe ni Inguri) ati Rioni ya awọn igbesẹ gusu ti guusu ti Greater Caucasus lati awọn oke ariwa ariwa ti Maly. Pẹlupẹlu, gigun ti ikanni Rioni jẹ kilomita 327. Orisun rẹ ti wa tẹlẹ ni Oke Pasismt. Omi ṣiṣan omi yii jẹ ifunni iru awọn owo-ori bi Tskheniskali, Tikhuri ati Kvirila. Ọpọlọpọ awọn miiran wa. Gẹgẹbi abajade, ekan ti eto omi jẹ 13,400 square mita. km "Rioni" tumọ bi “odo nla.” A ṣẹda hydronym lati awọn ọrọ "ri" ati "en", ti a ya lati ede ti awọn Svans. Lori omi ikudu wa awọn ilu ilu Georgian ti Poti ati Kutaisi. Ni awọn igberiko ti akọkọ iwọ yoo pade alailẹgbẹ adagun estuary lake Poliostomi (pẹlu eti okun emerald). Lowland ni a kà si eyiti o tobi julọ ni Caucasus. Guusu ila-oorun ti agbegbe ti a ṣalaye nikan ni oke kekere "Afara" ti o kọja, ti o ya sọtọ Colchis lati agbegbe “furrow” miiran ti ilẹ - afonifoji Kura River. Ni eti okun Okun Dudu, Colchis jẹ ti Idite kan ni guusu ti Kobuleti.
Odò Kura
Omi "iṣọn-ẹjẹ" jẹ eyiti o gun julọ ninu Caucasus (1364 km). Awọn orilẹ-ede to ngbe ni eti okun rẹ (Awọn Kurds Tooki, Georgians ati Azerbaijanis) ni awọn ẹya ara wọn ti hydronym. Kura, Mktvari ati Kur. Ni Georgian, eyi tumọ si "omi to dara." Ni awọn ede ti awọn ẹgbẹ meji miiran ti a ṣe akojọ - “ifiomipamo” tabi nirọrun “Ibi ipamọ”. Orisun ifiomipamo ti wa ni fipamọ ni Awọn ilu Armenian (apakan Turki, Kurds). Odò kan n ṣàn sinu Okun Caspian, ni agbegbe Azerbaijani Yenikand. Omi ṣiṣan omi ni nọmba awọn ẹka pataki (Bolshaya Liakhvi, Alazani, Ksani, Araks, Veri ati Aragvi), ti o ṣẹda ipilẹ nla kan (188,000 sq. Km.). Lori awọn bèbe ti Kura jẹ awọn agglomerations atijọ ti o kun fun awọn arabara ayaworan ile. Tbilisi, Mtskheta, Borjomi, Gori, Rustavi, Mengechevir, Sabirabad ati Shirvan. Fun awọn ọjọgbọn ala-ilẹ, ipilẹ Kura jẹ agbegbe afefe ti o yatọ. Kilode? Wa ninu apakan Flora ati Fauna.
Kekere Caucasus ati Awọn ilu oke Armenia
Ilẹ aarin-giga giga ti a fun ni akọle jẹ opin si awọn odo Rioni, Kura, Likhvsky, Oke Asia Minor Plateau, ati ni guusu ati ila-oorun - nipasẹ awọn oke-nla ti plateau Iran ti o tobi ati aworan Lankaran Lowland ti Azerbaijan. Ni inu agbegbe funrararẹ (lẹsẹkẹsẹ ti iṣe ti Tọki, Georgia, Armenia ati Azerbaijan), Araks (ti iyasọtọ kekere de ọdọ) ati ṣiṣan Vorotan. Awọn abọ omi tun wa - Lake Sevan (ti o tobi julọ), agbegbe omi guusu ti Mingachevir, ati ifiomipamo Odò Terter. Nipa ọna, ni Armenian, orukọ ohun ohun ti agbara jẹ ohun ti o dabi Tartarus (kii ṣe eyi ni aala gusu ti ijọba atijọ ti awọn baba-nla Indo-European ti Tartaria?). Arin Ara ati Aarin isalẹ jẹ eto odo kikun-kikun lori eyiti awọn ilu ti Meghri (Armenia) ati Saatli (Azerbaijan) duro. Vorotan ni odo keji ti o gun julọ (lẹhin Araks) ni Armenia. Gigun rẹ jẹ awọn ibuso 178, ati adagun-odo jẹ awọn mita mita 5050. km O n ṣàn kọja awọn ile-iṣọ atijọ, pẹlu Blue Canyon, ati nipasẹ awọn ilẹ ijiyan ti a pe ni Nagorno-Karabakh.
Awọn eti okun iyanrin ti agbegbe ilu ti Anapa (Russia)
Iwa ti etikun Caucasus ti bi ọpọlọpọ awọn afefe, oju-oorun ati awọn aaye ẹrẹ. Diẹ ninu awọn ti ṣetan lati ṣogo ti isunmọ si isunmọ si 0.3 - 1-kilometer jakejado-fẹlẹfẹlẹ ti iyanrin goolu funfun ati awọn aijinile to to ibuso kilomita 15. Yanrin nigbagbogbo dùn awọn obi ti awọn ọmọ! Nitori lori iru eti okun bẹẹ wa ni pẹtẹẹti ati isalẹ isalẹ. Ni wiwo eyi, Anapa (bii Crimean Evpatoria) ni a gba ni ibi isinmi awọn ọmọde. Ni ori gbooro, a n sọrọ nipa eti okun ti o tẹsiwaju, ti o lọ lati aala pẹlu Tian Peninsula si ile-iwẹwẹ Anapa “ibudó”. O pẹlu awọn braids ti o ya sọtọ okun kuro ninu awọn agbegbe ti Kiziltash ati Vityazevsky. Ati pe wọn nifẹ nipasẹ awọn irubọ afẹfẹ.
Ifiṣura Ipinle Caucasus (Russia)
Ni pupọ julọ, awọn ẹya ti iseda ti Caucasus ti fihan ara wọn ninu awọn ibi isere ala-ilẹ funrara wọn. Olokiki julọ (ninu awọn oke-nla wọnyi) igbanu ala-ilẹ jẹ igbẹhin si paragirafi. GZ "Caucasian" wa lori awọn ilẹ ti Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygea ati mu aye kekere ti KCR. O ti wa ni ogidi ni ayika iru awọn aye bi Achishkho, Aishkha, Pseashkho, Fisht, Oshten, Psheho-Su ati ọpọlọpọ awọn miiran. Ni ariwa adjo wọn ni olokiki olokiki Adyghe plateau Lagonaki, “ibusun ododo Keje akọkọ ti Adygea”. Ni awọn igba miiran, eyi ni ... tundra. Oju opo oke ti a fihan ni a le rii dara julọ lati awọn ila ti Range Azish. Ati ilẹkun si rẹ yoo ṣii si awọn ti o lo opopona A-159, aririn ajo ni abule naa. Guzeripl ("ọna abawọle" si apakan aabo ti agbegbe adayeba yii). 8 Awọn okun ti o gba ọ laaye ni a gba laaye lori awọn saami Alpine. Agbegbe iṣakoso ti Reserve pẹlu Park olokiki olokiki Park.
Ekun Elbrus ati Kabardino-Balkarian ni ẹtọ oke giga (Russia)
Fun ọpọlọpọ, iseda ti Caucasus Ariwa ni nkan ṣe deede pẹlu aaye yii - "orule ti Caucasus." Ibaraẹnisọrọ naa jẹ to awọn mita 5642 loke ipele omi okun. Wiwole ti o ni irọrun julọ ati gigun-oke si Elbrus ni a gbe jade lati agbegbe ti Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Ni agbegbe Elbrus, iwọ yoo firanṣẹ nipasẹ ọna A-158, ti o bẹrẹ si guusu lati ọna opopona R-217 (ni agbegbe ti ilu Kabardian ti Baksan). Ni abule Elbrus ati Terskol "awọn ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ USB" ati awọn ibi aabo. Oke naa jẹ gbajumọ nitori pe o han lati CBD, KCR, Georgia, Abkhazia, Stavropol.
Dombay (Russia)
Ọpọlọpọ wa ni inu-didùn pe iseda Caucasian ti ṣẹda aaye yii daradara. Ni afikun si tente oke Dombay-Ulgen (4046 m.), Ewo ni ọdọọdun nipasẹ Austrians ati ọpọlọpọ awọn iṣere inu ile, asegbeyin oke naa gba ọ laaye lati ṣabẹwo si awọn glaciers, isosileomi omi ati ... olomi-oorun ti n fo. Iṣẹ (bi ni Teberd) kii ṣe pupọ. Botilẹjẹpe awọn hotẹẹli naa lẹwa.
Barkhan Sary-Kum (Russia)
Ni ipari, ẹnikan ko le kuna lati darukọ adugbo nibiti iseda Caucasian jẹ diẹ bi Central Asia ati paapaa Ariwa Afirika. Dune iyanrin ti o tobi julọ ni agbaye ko si rara ni Sahara tabi ni Karakum. O wa ni ibuso 37 ibuso ariwa guusu ti Makhachkala, olu-ilu Dagestan. Awọn onimo ijinlẹ sayensi jiyan nipa ipilẹṣẹ rẹ. Nibi a ṣe walẹ. Aṣálẹ wa ni ijọba olominira yii ati ni aala pẹlu Kalmykia.
Ile-iṣẹ Orile-ilẹ Shirvan (Azerbaijan)
Oniruuru ẹda ti Caucasus ni a tun fi han nipasẹ apẹẹrẹ ti agbegbe Caspian oke-nla, lori apakan Azerbaijani ologbele-aginju, ti o wa nitosi ilu alabọde ti Shirvan. Awọn onina pẹtẹpẹtẹ ẹrẹkẹ nla wa, awọn adagun wundia Shor-gel ati Chala-gel, olugbe nla ti orilẹ-ede ti gazelles, “ibẹrẹ” ọna opopona ti o yorisi epo sisun. Ami akọkọ ti agbegbe idaabobo, eniyan pe ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun awọn tulips.
Cross Pass (Georgia)
“Biriki” miiran ni iyatọ ti iseda ti Caucasus gbe ipo pataki julọ lori “akọkọ” ti o kọja larin Ilu Caucasus Nla. “Oju opopona ti o ga julọ laarin Central ati Ila-oorun Caucasus”, "parili ti ọna opopona Ologun ti Georgia", "ibi isereile nla ti Georgia” - agbegbe yii ti gba ọpọlọpọ awọn orukọ abinibi ati “awọn akọle”. Egbon duro lododun. O han kedere nibiti ọpọlọpọ awọn odo ṣiṣan lati wa ni ya aworan gangan si ipilẹ ti awọn glaciers. Nkan naa jẹ itọkasi nipasẹ awọn itọka, stele, iduro. Bayi jẹ ki a sọ fun giga ti ọna oke nla yii. O jẹ dogba si mii 2379. Ori jẹ fifa!
Lake Sevan (Armenia)
Lori maapu ti orilẹ-ede ti itọkasi nipasẹ laini loke, omi ikudu jẹ ohun akọkọ ti o mu oju rẹ. Nitorina, o di ifamọra akọkọ. A ṣe akiyesi pe ipinle, ni otitọ, ko ni ọlọrọ ni awọn abọ omi miiran ... Sevan ni adagun ti o tobi julọ fun Caucasus, ati awọn alejò ranti iranti phantasmagoria lati awọn igi igbo flothorn ododo ati didan kanna (orisun omi) awọn ṣẹẹri. Gbogbo etikun Sevan, ni otitọ, ni ipese pẹlu ibugbe isinmi, ti o yika opopona didara to dara. Pẹlú orin naa ni awọn ago-ajo ati awọn agbegbe alejo. Awọn papa itura wa. Bii o tabi rara, ifamọra adayeba kan ti gun yipada si hotẹẹli ati meka idanilaraya ti irin-ajo asegbeyin. Autobahn taara lati Yerevan yoo “wa” nibi.
Awọn iṣeduro si arinrin ajo
Nitorinaa, nibi a ti gbekalẹ fun oluka awọn ẹya ti iseda Caucasus. Ati ni abala yii Emi yoo fẹ lati fun diẹ ninu imọran diẹ sii. O jẹ irọrun diẹ sii lati ṣe iwadi awọn agbegbe ti awọn ẹtọ iseda, awọn papa iseda ati awọn ifipamọ iseda, ni ti darapọ mọ awọn olukopa ti irin-ajo isanwo. O ti wa ni a ko mo ibi ti oke kan lu tabi isunki ọpọlọpọ olona-ọjọ lai a guide yoo dari o. Ṣugbọn awọn okun ti o lọ loke ati alapin, ti o kun fun awọn agglomerations ti o gbe kaakiri, ọkọ ati awọn iṣẹ miiran, rọrun diẹ fun irin-ajo “egan”. Jẹ ki a lu ọna naa! Yato yoo jẹ iru awọn akọle ti Agbegbe North Caucasus Federal District bi Chechnya, Ingushetia ati Dagestan. O yiyara lati wa itọsọna awakọ takisi ọkọ oju-ile ti o dara ju ibẹwẹ irin-ajo bojumu.
Apẹrẹ fun iṣawari ominira ti awọn ilu ati awọn abule (bakanna bi awọn iwe atẹjade to wa nitosi) dubulẹ lẹba awọn ipa-ọna wọnyi. M-4 ("Don") yoo mu ọ lọ si Okun Dudu taara lati Zlatoglava. M-217 "Caucasus" fi ẹnu gun awọn oke ti agbegbe ilu wa lati ariwa, ati lẹhinna lati ila-oorun. A-147 tẹle okun, lati Dzhubga, nipasẹ Great Sochi, ati nipasẹ ibi ayẹwo rẹ si Abkhazia. A-149 (Adler - Rosa Khutor) kuro ni rẹ, yikaka pẹlu Mzymta si awọn oke-nla ti Krasnaya Polyana. A-159 ṣafihan ẹwa ti gbogbo South Adygea. A-161 (“Ọmọ-ogun Georgia”) yorisi lati Vladikavkaz si Tbilisi. A-155 ("ologun Sukhum") ti gusu lati guusu Stavropol nipasẹ gbogbo KCR si ibi isinmi ti Dombay. O tun jẹ dandan lati sọ nipa A-156 (o lọ si Psebay lati ọdọ rẹ ni afonifoji Teberda). A-164 ("Ossetian Ologun") Ijabọ North Ossetia lati Gusu. A-165 yara yara sopọ awọn olugbe ti Cherkessk pẹlu awọn sanatoriums ati awọn orisun ti Pyatigorsk. Ọna opopona lati ibi ayẹwo Samur si Baku ni a mọ bi Opopona Seaside ti Azerbaijan. Ọna AN-81 - AN-82 jẹ itọsọna akọkọ ti Armenia (Yerevan, Lake Sevan). Opopona Poti-Tbilisi, eyiti o kun fun awọn bends, tun wulo (o so pọ pọ Colchis pẹlu apakan Georgian ti afonifoji Kura). Jọwọ ṣe akiyesi pe nikan lori awọn iṣọn idapọmọra wọnyi jẹ awọn ikọlu ati ọna ọna alẹ lailewu.
Ni ipari, awọn ikilo diẹ ni o yẹ. Inudidun ninu eyiti iseda Caucasian nyorisi wa ko yẹ ki o fa ipo ti o lewu. Yago fun "ara-ẹni" (kii ṣe gẹgẹ bi apakan ti irin-ajo ti o ni ipese pẹlu awọn olukọni) rin si awọn agbegbe giga ti igbanu oke ti a ṣalaye. Fun apẹẹrẹ, Ibiti Pinpin (paapaa ogiri Bezengi), ibi-mimọ Bambaki (apakan oju ojo ti ko ṣe asọtẹlẹ ti Caucasian GZ) ko dariji awọn aṣiṣe, ati awọn oke-nla ti o nira lati kọja. Awọn wọnyẹn ti o wa ni ipade ọna ti Chechnya Russian ati Dagestan pẹlu ipinle ti Georgia.
Ikẹhin ti awọn apakan akojọ si nibi tun jẹ ibanilẹru nipasẹ niwaju awọn igun nibiti awọn onijagidijagan tọju. Ati pe ti a ba ti fọwọkan tẹlẹ ni akoko iṣelu, lẹhinna gbiyanju lati yago fun tun lati Nagorno-Karabakh - ibi-ilẹ ti awọn agbegbe ariyanjiyan laarin Azerbaijan ati Armenia. Ati, nitorinaa, o yẹ ki o ma lọ si Georgia nipasẹ Abkhazia tabi South Ossetia. Tabi ṣe ọṣọ pẹlu aami aala ti awọn orilẹ-ede wọnyi ni iwe irinna kan ṣaaju ki o to titẹ si “ijọba” ti a darukọ tẹlẹ ti ọti-waini, ọti-waini ti o dara, ọti-wara, khachapuri ati warankasi.
Fun awọn ọgọọgọrun ọdun, iseda ti Caucasus ti ṣe ifamọra awọn ẹya atijọ ati awọn eniyan, ati awọn alarinrin ti o wa ni alarinrin - awọn onkọwe ati awọn ewi, awọn oṣere ati awọn alamọye ẹsin ti ọla. Awọn ni o kọ awọn itan arosọ akọkọ nipa awọn gbayi awọn ilẹ si eyiti o jẹ kikọ si mimọ. Awọn ariyanjiyan ti awọn kọnputa atijọ, awọn eekan-ọmọ-ogun, awọn ọmọ-ogun eniyan. Kii ṣe lati lọ si guusu ti Don, Manych ati Kuma tumọ si lati padanu ọpọlọpọ ninu igbesi aye rẹ.
Ala-ilẹ ti Ariwa Caucasus
Lori agbegbe ti Ariwa Caucasus ni awọn agbegbe Krasnodar ati awọn ilẹ Stavropol, Ekun Rostov ati Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia ati Dagestan, Chechnya ati Ingushetia. Awọn oke-nla, awọn abuku-ailopin, ijù-apa, awọn igbo ṣe agbegbe yii ni iyanilenu fun irin-ajo.
Gbogbo eto awọn sakani oke ni Caucasus North. Aṣa rẹ yatọ pẹlu giga. Ala-ilẹ ti pin si agbegbe mẹta:
Awọn aala ariwa ti agbegbe naa gbooro sii laarin awọn odo Kuban ati Terek. O wa ni agbegbe ibi afẹsẹgba kan. Si guusu bẹrẹ ẹkun atẹsẹsẹ, eyiti o pari pẹlu awọn oke gigun lọ.
Oju opo yii ni ipa nipasẹ opo awọn oke-nla ati isunmọtosi awọn okun - Dudu, Azov, ati Caspian. Omi gbona ti o le rii ni Ariwa Caucasus ni bromine, radium, iodine, ati potasiomu.
Awọn oke-nla ti Ariwa Caucasus
Lati awọn ẹkun ti oorun ti ariwa si awọn ẹkun gusu ti o gbona, iseda ti Russia na. Caucasus jẹ awọn oke-nla ti orilẹ-ede naa. Wọn ṣẹda lakoko kika Alpine.
Eto ti awọn oke Caucasus ni a gbero si ọna oke ti ọdọ, gẹgẹ bi awọn Apennines, Carpathians, Alps, Pyrenees, Himalayas. Sisọ alpine jẹ akoko ikẹhin ti tectogenesis. O yori si ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹya oke-nla. O ti ni orukọ lẹhin awọn Alps, nibiti ilana ti bẹrẹ lori iṣafihan aṣoju julọ julọ.
Agbegbe ti Caucasus Ariwa jẹ aṣoju nipasẹ awọn oke-nla Elbrus, Kazbek, Rocky ati Range Range, Cross Pass. Ati pe eyi nikan ni kekere, apakan olokiki julọ ti awọn oke ati awọn oke-nla.
Awọn ibi giga julọ ti Caucasus Ariwa jẹ Kazbek, eyiti aaye to ga julọ wa ni ayika 5033 m. Ati Elbrus folti ti o parun - 5642 m.
Nitori idagbasoke ti imọ-jinlẹ ti o nira, agbegbe ati iseda ti awọn oke-nla Caucasus jẹ ọlọrọ ni gaasi ati awọn aaye epo. Nibẹ ni isediwon ti awọn ohun alumọni - Makiuri, Ejò, tungsten, awọn iṣọn polymetallic.
Awọn ẹya ti iseda ti Ariwa Caucasus
Ikojọpọ ti awọn orisun ti nkan ti o wa ni erupe ile, oriṣiriṣi ni akopọ kemikali wọn ati iwọn otutu, ni a le rii ni agbegbe yii. Iwulo ti iyalẹnu ti omi yori si ibeere ti ṣiṣẹda awọn agbegbe asegbeyin. Essentuki, Vody Mineralnye, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk jẹ olokiki fun awọn orisun wọn ati awọn sanatoriums wọn.
Iru ti Caucasus Ariwa ti pin si awọn agbegbe tutu ati ogbele. Orisun akọkọ ti ojo ojo ni Okun Atlantiki. Ti o ni idi ti awọn agbegbe ẹsẹ ti apa ila-oorun jẹ tutu pupọ. Lakoko ti ẹkun ila-oorun wa labẹ awọn iji dudu (eruku), awọn afẹfẹ gbẹ, ogbele.
Awọn ẹya ti iseda ti Caucasus Ariwa wa ni iyatọ ti awọn ọpọ eniyan afẹfẹ. Ni gbogbo awọn akoko, ṣiṣan gbigbe ti tutu ti Arctic, tutu - ti Atlantic, Tropical - ti Mẹditarenia le wọ inu agbegbe naa. Awọn opo afẹfẹ, rirọpo ara wọn, gbe ọpọlọpọ awọn ipo oju ojo.
Lori agbegbe ti Ariwa Caucasus tun wa afẹfẹ afẹfẹ ti agbegbe - foehn. Afẹfẹ oke tutu, ti o ṣubu lulẹ, di graduallydi he igbona. Odò gbigbona dé ilẹ. Eyi n ṣe ẹrọ gbigbẹ gbẹ.
Nigbagbogbo, awọn opo afẹfẹ tutu wọ inu oke Caucasian ati tẹ ni ayika rẹ lati ila-oorun ati iwọ-oorun. Lẹhinna iji lile kan n jọba ni agbegbe naa, ti o jẹ apanirun fun Ododo-iferan igbona.
Afefe
Ariwa Caucasus wa ni aala nla ti agbegbe ita ati agbegbe ita. Eyi yoo fun softness ati ihuwasi gbona. Igba otutu kukuru kan, eyiti o to to oṣu meji, igba ooru gigun - o to awọn oṣu 5.5. Opolopo oorun ti o wa ni agbegbe yii jẹ nitori ijinna kanna lati eedu ati ọpá. Nitorinaa, iseda ti Caucasus jẹ rudurudu ti o yatọ ati imọlẹ ti awọn awọ.
Falljò ojo pupọ wa ninu awọn oke-nla. Eyi jẹ nitori otitọ pe awọn ọpọ-air, pẹ lori awọn oke ati gbigbe ni oke, ti wa ni tutu, fun ọrinrin kuro. Nitorinaa, afefe ti awọn ẹkun oke-nla yatọ si awọn ibi-afẹle ati awọn papa pẹtẹlẹ. Lakoko igba otutu, igbọn kan ti egbon ṣajọpọ to cm 5. Lori awọn oke ariwa, aala yinyin ayeraye bẹrẹ.
Ni giga ti 4000 m, paapaa ni akoko ooru to gbona julọ, ko si awọn iwọn otutu to dara. Ni igba otutu, awọn eegun eegun le waye nitori eyikeyi ohun ti o nira tabi ronu ti ko ni aṣeyọri.
Awọn odo oke-nla, iji ati otutu, ti ipilẹṣẹ lakoko yo awọn egbon ati awọn glaciers. Nitorinaa, awọn iṣan omi jẹ kikankikan ni orisun omi ati pe o fẹrẹ gbẹ ni isubu, nigbati iwọn otutu dinku. Imi-didi tutu ni igba otutu, ati awọn ṣiṣan oke ṣiṣan omi jẹ aijinile.
Awọn odo nla meji ti Ariwa Caucasus - awọn Terek ati Kuban - fun agbegbe naa ni ọpọlọpọ awọn owo-ori. Ṣeun si wọn, awọn ilẹ olora chernozem jẹ ọlọrọ ninu awọn irugbin.
Awọn irugbin oyinbo, awọn ọgba ajara, awọn ohun ọgbin tii, awọn irugbin Berry laisiyonu si ibi agbegbe gbigbẹ. Awọn wọnyi ni awọn ẹya ti iseda ti Caucasus. Tutu ti awọn oke n fun aye ni igbona ti awọn pẹtẹlẹ ati awọn atẹsẹ-ẹsẹ, chernozem kọja sinu awọn ilẹ gbigbi.
Omi alumọni
O yẹ ki o mọ pe awọn ẹya ti Caucasus North jẹ gbogbo eka ti awọn okunfa. Iwọnyi pẹlu aaye jijin lati inu awọn okun, okun. Iru iru ile-ilẹ naa. Aaye to jinna si ati onka. Awọn itọsọna ti awọn ọpọ eniyan afẹfẹ, opo ti ojoriro.
O ṣẹlẹ pe iseda Caucasus jẹ Oniruuru. Awọn ilẹ olora ati awọn agbegbe gbigbẹ. Mountain Alawọ ewe ati Pine igbo. Gbẹ steppes ati awọn odo kikun. Oro ọlọrọ ti awọn ohun alumọni, niwaju omi ti o wa ni erupe ile jẹ ki agbegbe yii jẹ ẹwa fun ile-iṣẹ ati irin-ajo.
Apejuwe irufẹ ti Caucasus jẹ o lapẹẹrẹ ni pe diẹ sii ju awọn orisun imularada 70 ni o le rii lori agbegbe rẹ. Iwọnyi tutu, gbona, omi nkan ti o wa ni erupe ile gbona. Wọn yatọ si ni tiwqn, eyiti o ṣe iranlọwọ ni idena ati itọju awọn arun:
- nipa ikun,
- awọ
- awọn ọna kaakiri
- eto aifọkanbalẹ.
Awọn omi olokiki imulẹ hydrogen ti o gbajumọ julọ wa ni ilu Sochi. Awọn orisun Iron - ni Zheleznovodsk. Hydrogen sulfide, radon - ni Pyatigorsk. Erogba oloro - ni Kislovodsk, Essentuki.
Ododo
Ideri koriko ti agbegbe naa jẹ iyatọ bi iseda egan ti Russia.Caucasus ti pin si oke, ilẹ-ilẹ, awọn agbegbe kekere. Da lori eyi, ideri koriko ti ekun yipada. O fa nipasẹ awọn ipo oju ojo, ile, ojoriro.
Awọn meadow Mountain - ọti lus, awọn ile koriko. Awọn iṣupọ Rhododendron fun ni awọ si ewe. Nibẹ ni o le rii juniper, abemiegan ti nrakò, eyiti o fara si igbesi aye sno. Awọn igbo fifo, nibiti oaku, beech, chestnut, ati hornbeam ti dagba, n yara lati rọpo wọn.
Awọn maili eweko Meadow-bog pẹlu awọn agbegbe gbigbẹ ologbele gbigbẹ. Wọn kun fun awọn gbigbẹ atọwọda - awọn poppies, irises, tulips, awọn igi-nla ti acacia funfun ati igi-oaku.
Aronia jẹ aṣoju nipasẹ awọn aaye Berry ti o gbooro, awọn ọgba-ajara. Iwa ti Caucasus jẹ ọjo fun awọn igi eso, awọn igi meji - pears, ṣẹẹri pupa, hawthorn, ẹgún, dogwood.
Fauna
Awọn steppes ni a gbe ni iru awọn ẹranko bii squirrel ilẹ, jerboa, ehoro brown, steppe ferret, fox, Ikooko. Wọn ti wa ni ọlọrọ ninu egan iseda ti Russia. Caucasus, awọn ẹkun rẹ ologbele-asale, ni o dara fun ẹya eared hejii, ogunpọpọ gerbil ati ọsangangan, egbọn ehoro ati fox-corsacus. A rii awọn Saigas (awọn igun-apa ti a gba sile). Roer agbọnrin, agbateru brown, ati bison n gbe ninu igbo.
Iwa ti Caucasus jẹ eyiti o jẹ aami nipasẹ nọmba nla ti awọn abuku. Omi-ilẹ tutu ati ki o gbona jẹ ipo ti o tayọ fun iwalaaye wọn, ẹda. Eyi jẹ paramọlẹ ẹlẹsẹ ati akọbẹrẹ oniro, ejo ati alangba.
Ni awọn awo oniduro ti o le wa awọn ẹiyẹ egan kan, ologbo ologbo, awọn ijanilaya. Awọn ẹiyẹ omi wa, bakanna bi idì, kite kan, kestrel kan, ẹyẹ kutukutu, bilipru kan, akọru kan, kikan.
Awọn ohun alumọni
Iwa ti Caucasus jẹ ọlọrọ ni awọn idogo nla ti epo ati gaasi. Awọn ohun idogo ti eedu ati eeru brown, Ejò ati mangaese epo, asbestos, iyo apata jẹ pataki ti ile-iṣẹ.
Awọn ijinlẹ ile ti han pe gbogbo awọn irin ti o yẹ fun eto-ọrọ orilẹ-ede ni o le rii ni Aarin Ariwa Caucasus. Awọn ohun idogo wọnyi:
Laipẹ, idagbasoke ti okuta ile ti ni ọpọlọpọ olokiki. Lava tuff ti o lagbara ati sileti orule ti wa ni abẹ pupọ si. Fun ikole awọn ile ti lo okuta agbegbe Neogene ti agbegbe. Ariwa Caucasus jẹ olokiki fun awọn ohun idogo rẹ ti giranaiti, okuta didan, basalt. A ti damo awọn idogo ati goolu.
Ipari
Awọn ẹya akọkọ ti iseda ti Ariwa Caucasus jẹ iyatọ rẹ. Apapo ti awọn oke-nla glacial pẹlu awọn pẹtẹlẹ aronia, awọn igi-ilẹ Alpine pẹlu awọn aginju ologbelegbe. Falljò rirọ ojo ni agbegbe iwọ-oorun kọja sinu afẹfẹ gbigbẹ ti awọn ẹkun ila-oorun.
Awọn kẹkẹ cyclones, awọn oju afẹfẹ ti o gbona ati tutu jẹ ẹya kan ti Ariwa Caucasus. Awọn ṣiṣan lati Okun Atlantiki ati Okun Mẹditarenia gbe ọriniinitutu. Awọn ọpọpọ afẹfẹ lati Central Asia ati Iran ni afẹfẹ afẹfẹ gbona yika.
O mọ, afẹfẹ air ti o mọ pẹlu ina ultraviolet n fun gigun laaye si awọn olugbe ilẹ-nla rẹ. Gbona, awọn winters kukuru, ipele giga ti eka iṣẹ-ogbin ṣe ifamọra fun awọn arinrin ajo. Awọn orisun orisun Iwosan, awọn idogo ti awọn orisun aye ṣe agbegbe yii fanimọra fun eto ilera ati ile-iṣẹ.
Ala ilẹ ti ilẹ nla, ọpọlọpọ awọn odo - ẹwa ti ẹwa ti agbegbe ti wa ni ohun ijqra ni ẹwa rẹ. Awọn ifalọkan itan ati ti aṣa funni ni agbara agbara si agbegbe olora yii.
Iru ti Caucasus Ariwa
Ariwa Caucasus ni awọn ohun alumọni alailẹgbẹ, eyiti ko ni analogues nibikibi ni agbaye. Awọn oke giga wa pẹlu awọn glaciers lori awọn oke ati awọn igbo pẹlu awọn igi fifo-fifẹ, awọn igi afunra lori awọn oke ati awọn igi meeli, pẹlu awọn odo oke-nla ti nṣan. Lori awọn aaye ṣiṣi jẹ awọn steppes pẹlu koriko iye ati awọn iṣesi agbara ti awọn agbegbe subtropical. Ọpọlọpọ awọn agbegbe Afefe lo wa ni agbegbe yii. O da lori iru awọn apa ilẹ ti o yatọ, iseda alailẹgbẹ tun ti dagbasoke.
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Eweko
Aye ọgbin ni agbegbe yii jẹ nipa ẹgbẹrun 6 ẹgbẹrun. O fẹrẹ jẹ ọpọlọpọ awọn ohun ọgbin dagba nikan ni ibi, iyẹn ni, wọn dara. Iwọnyi jẹ awọn ohun didi snowdrops ti Bortkevich ati puppy, purupupo Caucasian. Laarin awọn igi ati awọn igi igbo nibẹ ni igi igbo, ẹgún, awọn ṣẹẹri egan, pupa ṣẹẹri, ẹyẹ okun, buckbeam okun, ati igi oniho. Awọn aaye tun wa ti rasipibẹri beech, awọn daisies Pink, elecampane oke. Paapaa ni agbegbe ti Ariwa Caucasus ti o niyelori ti awọn irugbin ti oogun dagba: dye madder ati wormwood Taurida.
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Nitori nọmba nla ti awọn ohun ọgbin ati ipinsiyeleyele, awọn ifiṣura iseda ati awọn itura iseda, awọn agbegbe ati awọn agbegbe agbegbe aye ti ṣẹda.
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Air arinrin
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Vodokras
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Ẹyin pupa
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Omi funfun
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Broadteaf cattail
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Hornwort
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Urut
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Altai officinalis
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Asphodelina Crimean
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Tinrin asphodelin
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Àgbo kan (àgbò)
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Igba Irẹdanu Ewe Colchicum
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Belladonna (belladonna arinrin)
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Iyanrin immortelle
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Akoko iṣọ mẹta
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Loosestrife owo
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Verbena officinalis
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Veisica melissolist
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Veronica ti pin
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Fifọwọsi ẹṣọ Veronica
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Veronica Cock Ridge
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Labalaba Anemone
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Clove koriko
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Geranium Meadow
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Onigbagbo wọpọ
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Orisun omi adonis (adonis)
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Grushanka yika-leaved
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Elecampane ga
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Dioscorea Caucasian
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Dryad Caucasian
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Origanum wọpọ
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St John ká wort
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Centaury arinrin
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Iris tabi kasatik
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Katran Steven
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Kermek Tatar
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Circason Kiniun
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Meadow clover
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Ewe koriko
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Belijiki Broadleaf
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Saffron
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O le lily ti afonifoji
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Awọn cinquefoil jẹ erect
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Apẹrẹ oogun
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Apata flags ti o tobi
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Ọgbin gbin
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Apo bota
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Buru poppy
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Lungwort
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Orule Sempervivum
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Bunkun peony
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Ẹmi didi ti Caucasian
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Akọtọ siberian
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Repeshka ti o wọpọ
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Spiny Tatarnik
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Timothy koriko
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Ti nrakò thyme
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Felipea pupa
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Horsetail
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Igba kekere
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Hellebore
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Oogun gbongbo dudu
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Orisun omi Chistyak
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Seji pẹlẹbẹ
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Orukisi
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Orchis magenta
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Orchis gbo
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Ẹranko
O da lori agbaye ọgbin, agbaye ẹranko tun ti ṣẹda, ṣugbọn ifosiwewe anthropogenic ṣe ipalara nigbagbogbo. Biotilẹjẹpe bayi ifarabalẹ wa nipa piparẹ ti awọn iru ẹranko pato. Diẹ ninu awọn eniyan ko fi akoko tabi igbiyanju lati mu awọn olugbe pada. Fun apẹẹrẹ, ẹran awọ dudu ati ewurẹ ti ara ilu Hungaria wa ni etibebe iparun.
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Chamois ati awọn ewurẹ egan, lynx ati agbọnrin, agbọnrin ati beari n gbe ni Ariwa Caucasus. Ni awọn steppe nibẹ ni o wa jerboas ati hare-hares, hedgehogs ati hamsters. Ti awọn apanirun, Ikooko, weasel, onibaje, ferret n ṣe ọdẹ nibi. Awọn ologbo ati awọn martens, awọn baaji ati awọn boars egan ngbe ni awọn igbo ti Caucasus. Ninu awọn itura o le wa awọn squirrels ti ko bẹru eniyan ati mu awọn itọju lati ọwọ wọn.
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Ajọpọ ti o wọpọ
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Ehoro Earth (jerboa nla)
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Roe agbọnrin
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Gbẹ
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Agbọn Caucasian
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Olutọju aguntan Caucasian
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Ewurẹ bezoar Caucasian
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Agbọn pupa pupa agbọnrin
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Bisiki Caucasian
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Irin-ajo Caucasian
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Korsak (Fox steppe Fox)
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Amotekun
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Pine marten
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Dormouse igbo
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Gopher kekere
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Arinrin ara Aringbungbun Asia
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Jika ti a kopa
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Voetey vole
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Lynx
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Saiga (saiga)
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Chamois
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Yinyin onirun
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Ti tanganran panini
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Ijakadi
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Omi-omi
Awọn arinrin-ajo ni wiwo ti o yanilenu: pẹtẹlẹ ilẹ pẹlẹpẹlẹ pari, ati odo kan ṣubu lati oke alayeye pẹlu riru ẹru, nitosi awọn apata ti o ni awọ. Odò riru omi yii ninu oorun n ṣiṣẹ pẹlu gbogbo awọn awọ ti Rainbow.
Ninu awọn ọfun oke ti Ariwa Ossetia-Alania, afonifoji Midagrabinsky Waterfalls wa ni be. Awọn arinrin-ajo ni wiwo ti o yanilenu - awọn ṣiṣan omi 14 ti o sọkalẹ lati awọn oke nla, ṣiṣan lati ọrun nikan. Lara awọn ẹya ti Ariwa Caucasus, Greater Zaigelan ni a mọ si awọn arinrin ajo, eyiti o tumọ si “ijamba ja” ni ede agbegbe. Eyi ni ikun omi omi ilu Yuroopu ti o ga julọ. O gbe omi rẹ lati labẹ glacier ti o ni iyipo lati giga ti o to awọn mita 650-700, ati kekere diẹ ṣi ṣiṣan miiran ti isosile omi - Zeigelan Kekere. Nitori iyatọ didasilẹ ni giga, Big Zeigelan ni a ka si awọn ṣiṣan omi mẹwa mẹwa ti o ga julọ ni agbaye. Ni akoko igba otutu, nigbati yo ti Midlarabin glacier ma duro, isosile omi naa yipada sinu awọn ọwọn yinyin ti o fa ifamọra ga ju - awọn olukọ yinyin.
Awọn ẹyẹ
Ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹiyẹ ti o wa ni agbegbe yii: idì ati awọn oṣupa ọsan, awọn kites ati awọn igbona, ẹyẹ ati awọn larks. Nitosi odo ifiwe Ducks, pheasants, wagtails. Awọn ẹiyẹ oju-ajo wa, ati awọn ti o wa nibi ngbe ni ọdun.
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Alpine swirl
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Griffon ẹyẹ
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Idì .wù
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Brown tabi eṣú dúdú
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Igi igi
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Blackstart redstart
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Mountain wagtail
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Bustard tabi Dudak
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Alawọ ewe alawọ ewe
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European Tuvik (Hawk Ẹsẹ kukuru)
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Yellow
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Zaryanka
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Onjẹ-jẹ alawọ ewe Bee
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Onjẹ ajẹmu
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Agbọn dudu dudu Caucasian
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Agbọn Caucasian
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Caucasian pheasant
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Idapọ
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Ular Caspian
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Klest-elovik
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Linnet
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Korostel (dergach)
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Gidi pupa
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Kurgannik
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Meadow meadow
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Muscovite tabi titẹsi dudu
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Redstart ti o wọpọ
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Greenfinch ti o wọpọ
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Oriole ti o wọpọ
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Agunkogun ti o wọpọ
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Kingfisher
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Aṣiwere
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Oúnjẹ
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Igbese idì
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Pischa ti o wọpọ
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Oṣupa aaye
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Idapọ
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Bẹẹni
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Stenolaz (pupa-kerubu iyẹ)
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Owiwi
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Flamingo
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Alake dudu
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Blackbird
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Goldfinch
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Aye ailopin ni Ariwa Caucasus jẹ alailẹgbẹ ati aibikita. O ṣe iwunilori pẹlu ọpọlọpọ ati titobi. Iye yii nikan nilo lati wa ni fipamọ, paapaa lati ọdọ awọn eniyan ti o ti ṣe ọpọlọpọ ipa pupọ si iseda ti ilẹ yii.
Fosaili erin
Apa alailẹgbẹ ti awọn erin gusu atijọ ni a rii ni Stavropol. Gbogbo egungun ti erin fosaari ti o ni ibatan si ẹya mammoth jẹ wiwa iwin ti aarun pajawiri toje. Awọn ifihan ti o jọra marun lo wa ni agbaye, ninu awọn ile musiọmu ti Paris, Tbilisi, ati St. Petersburg. Ṣugbọn nikan ni Stavropol ṣe awari bata ti awọn ohun-ọṣọ atijọ. Awọn erin gusu wọnyi ti ngbe 1-1.8 milionu ọdun sẹyin, erin naa ni a gorilẹ ni ọdun 40 nigbamii ju erin lọ: a ṣe awari ni ọdun 2007, ati erin funrararẹ ti jẹ ifihan ni Ile-iṣọ Ile Itaja Stavropol fun diẹ sii ju ọdun mejila kan.
Ododo ti Ariwa Caucasus
Oore ti flora ti Ariwa Caucasus jẹ nitori awọn ẹya ti ifọkanbalẹ, eyiti, ni idasilẹ, laaye idasile ti awọn agbegbe ita oju-aye oriṣiriṣi pupọ ni agbegbe. Ilẹ-ilẹ “itan-pupọ” ṣe ipa pataki ninu dida igbo ti iyatọ ati iyatọ irisi: diẹ sii ju ẹgbẹrun ọgbin mẹfa dagba lori agbegbe kekere kan (1.5% ti agbegbe ti Russian Federation).
Awọn alailẹgbẹ ti Ododo ti Ariwa Caucasus wa da ni otitọ pe a pe ni agbegbe zonality ti o ṣẹ nibi: awọn gorges ati awọn oke apata ti wa ni bo pẹlu awọn igi olofofo ati awọn igi meji, ati awọn ọfin Alpine dagba ninu awọn oke, ṣugbọn, ni ilodi si awọn ofin, ni ipinya "awọn canyons" oju-ọjọ iyipada awọn ayipada laiyara, nitorina awọn irugbin ndagba ni latitude yii ni lati “dide” si agbegbe ti o ga julọ, dani fun wọn ni awọn ọrọ gbogbogbo.
Aye ọgbin ti Caucasus Ariwa jẹ eyiti a fi agbara han nipasẹ iyẹn, iyẹn ni, ẹda iru awọn ohun ọgbin kan wa nikan ni agbegbe yii. Ni akoko kanna, nọmba nla ti awọn eweko ti a fa wọle lati awọn agbegbe miiran dagba ni agbegbe naa, eyiti o yarayara ṣajọpọ ati ti dapọ pẹlu Ododo egan: awọn igi eso ati awọn igi meji, awọn igi ti o niyelori, awọn oogun ati awọn igi koriko.
Nipa awọn ẹya ara ẹrọ ti ara rẹ, Caucasus North jẹ sibẹsibẹ ti o sunmọ Asia, nitorinaa, awọn aṣoju ti Ododo subtropical n mu gbongbo daradara nibi.
Egan ti Ariwa Caucasus
Awọn ẹya ara ẹrọ ati oju-ọjọ oju-aye ti o ni ipa ti dida ti Odidi Caucasian North, si iwọn kanna, kan awọn olugbe agbegbe naa nipasẹ awọn olugbe ẹranko ati ẹyẹ. Eniyan tun ṣe alabapin, o gbọdọ sọ, jinna si rere. Gẹgẹbi abajade igbesi aye rẹ, ọpọlọpọ awọn eya ti agbaye eranko wa ni etibebe iparun, nọmba ti eyiti o ti tun ṣe atunṣe bayi pẹlu iṣoro nla ati idiyele. Ewurẹ ti ara ilu Hungari ati awọn awọ eleto dudu ni a ṣe akojọ ninu Iwe pupa.
Awọn ẹranko igbẹ ti o ngbe nigbagbogbo ni Ariwa Caucasus jẹ awọn boar igbẹ, awọn ewurẹ oke, chamois, ati diẹ sii ju ẹgbẹrun invertebrates (awọn alamọja). Ti awọn apanirun, a rii lynx, eyiti o jẹ ifunni, kọlu agbọnrin ati agbọnrin, ati awọn beari egan, ti o kere ju awọn ti o jẹ brown, ti ngbe ni awọn agbegbe aarin Russia, ni a tun rii. Wọn ṣe ihuwasi ni alaafia ni pipe ati jẹun awọn eso ti eso eso ti eso pia kan ti o ni egan, chestnut.
Otters, awọn igbagbogbo awọn minks n gbe nitosi awọn odo nibiti wọn ti sọdẹ ẹja. Ẹiyẹ ẹyẹ naa ni aṣoju nipasẹ iwọn 200: turiki oke, ẹyẹ dudu Caucasian, lark, grouse dudu Alpine.
Alailẹgbẹ dune
Sarykum dune ti o tobi julọ wa ni Dagestan, ni afikun, o jẹ eyiti o tobi julọ ni Yuroopu. O dide si giga ti mita 250 o si ni iwọn ila opin ti to 3000 mita, ati agbegbe gbogbo dune jẹ to saare saare 600. Sarykum jẹ dune alailẹgbẹ kan, nitori pe ko wa ni aginju, ṣugbọn ni agbegbe agbegbe ti aworan Kapchugai Gorge, ati odo Shura-Ozen ni a ge ni idaji. Еще одна специфичность Сарыкума в том, что он недвижим и устойчив.
Сердце Чечни
Мечеть "Сердце Чечни", построенную в Грозном в рекордный срок – в течение двух лет, по праву называют архитектурным чудом 21-ого века. Располагается она на площади, превышающей 5000 квадратных метров, и может принять одновременно до 20 тысяч прихожан. В мечети применена техника росписи из 16-ого века, а сама она сооружена в османском стиле. Белоснежный мрамор, оригинальный купол, высокие минареты, восхитительная золотая роспись, 36 шикарных люстр с чеченским узором. Архитектура святого места, шикарный парк, разноцветные фонтаны – все это вызывает восторг у ее посетителей независимо от вероисповедания или национальности. Храм потрясает своим величием. "Сердце Чечни" непременно нужно посмотреть в темноте, когда подсвечивается вся мечеть.
Голубые озера
Природа Северного Кавказа не перестает удивлять туристов. Пятерка восхитительных карстовых озер притаилась среди ущелья в Кабардино-Балкарии. В них хранятся тайны природы, на которые ученые до сих пор ищут ответы. Например, Нижнее озеро не снабжается речными водами, хотя каждый день оно тратит до 70 миллионов литров воды, а его объем и глубина при таком расходе совсем не уменьшаются. Orukọ rẹ miiran - Tserik-Kel - jẹ ọkan ninu awọn adagun ti o jinle ni Yuroopu. Lakoko ọjọ, o ni anfani lati yi awọ pada si awọn akoko 16 - lati azure si emerald, ṣugbọn o ni iwọn otutu omi iduroṣinṣin: ko ga ju + 9 0 С ni gbogbo ọdun yika.
Oluṣọ
Ariwa ariwa Caucasus jẹ ọkan ninu awọn aaye diẹ ni Russia nibiti a ti ṣetọju awọn oluṣọ - apẹẹrẹ ti o ni awọ ti aṣa atilẹba ti awọn olugbe oke. Wọn wa ni iru awọn agbegbe ti Ariwa Caucasus bi Ossetia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya ati Kabardino-Balkaria. Awọn odi wọnyi ni iṣẹ ibugbe ati iṣẹ aabo kan, eyiti o jẹ idi ti a fi pe wọn ni olutọju ati baba ilu. Nitori awọn igbogun ti ọta, opo ti ikole ko ni fipamọ. Ọpọlọpọ ti awọn ile-iṣọ naa jẹ idile, idile kọọkan ni ibọwọ fun awọn gbongbo rẹ ka pe o jẹ ọlá lati bọwọ fun ile-iṣọ wọn. Gẹgẹbi aṣa atọwọdọwọ atijọ, a gbọdọ kọ ile-iṣọ ẹya ni o kere ju ọdun kan, bibẹẹkọ ti idile naa ni a ka pe o jẹ alailofin. Iru ile-iṣọ bẹẹ ni a kọ, gẹgẹbi ofin, ko jinna si abule, ni awọn agbegbe pẹlu hihan ti o dara. Awọn olusọ naa wọ ọlá ti ẹbi, iṣọkan ati aironu ti awọn olugbe oke giga ti Ariwa Caucasus.